In Islam Islam (Arabic: الإسلام‎ al-’islām, pronounced [ʔislæːm] [note 1]) is the monotheistic religion articulated by the Qur’an, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of their one, incomparable God (Arabic: الله‎, Allāh), and by the Prophet of Islam Muhammad's teachings and normative example (in Arabic called, Jesus Jesus of Nazareth , also known as Jesus Christ or simply Jesus, is the central figure of Christianity, which views him as the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God (in the concept of the Trinity, he is God [as] the Son), who came to provide humankind with salvation and reconciliation with God by his (Arabic Arabic (العربية al-ʿarabīyah, ( Arabic pronunciation ) or عربي ʿarabi) is a Central Semitic language, thus related to and classified alongside other Semitic languages such as Hebrew and the Neo-Aramaic languages. Arabic has more speakers than any other language in the Semitic language family. It is spoken by more than 280 million: عيسى‎ `Īsā) is considered a prophet Messenger of God In Islam, a Messenger is a prophet sent by Allah with a shariah "Divine Law" (see distinction between Prophets and Messengers) who had been sent to guide the People of Israel (banī isrā'īl) with a new scripture, the Injīl The Injil (Arabic إنجيل is the Arabic name for the Christian gospel, and one of the four Islamic Holy Books the Qur'an records as revealed by God, the others being the Suhuf Ibrahim, Zabur, Tawrat and Qur'an (gospel).^[1] The Qur'an The Qur’an is the central religious verbal text of Islam, also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Koran, Qur’ān, or Al-Qur’ān. Muslims believe the Qur’an to be the verbal book of divine guidance and direction for mankind. Its text addresses the Arabic speaking "children of Israel". Muslims also consider the original Arabic, believed by Muslims to be God's final revelation, mentions Jesus 25 times.^[2] It states that Jesus was born to Mary Mary , the mother of Jesus, is considered one of the most righteous woman in Islam. She is the one of the few women mentioned by name in the Qur'an and her name is mentioned more times than it is in the New Testament (Arabic: Maryam) as the result of virginal conception The virgin birth of Jesus is a tenet of Christianity and Islam which holds that Mary miraculously conceived Jesus while remaining a virgin. While the term "virgin birth" is common, "virgin conception" would be more accurate. This doctrine was a universally held belief in the Christian church by the second century, and is upheld, a miraculous event which occurred by the decree of God God is the English name given to the singular omnipotent being in theistic and deistic religions who is either the sole deity in monotheism, or a single deity in polytheism (Arabic: Allah Allah (Arabic: الله‎ Allāh, IPA: [ʔalˤːɑːh] ) is the standard Arabic word for God. While the term is best known in the West for its use by Muslims as a reference to God, it is used by Arabs of all Abrahamic faiths, including Mizrahi Jews, Baha'is and Eastern Orthodox Christians, in reference to "God". The term was also used). To aid him in his quest, Jesus was given the ability to perform miracles A miracle is an unexpected event attributed to divine intervention. Sometimes an event is also attributed to a miracle worker, saint, or religious leader. A miracle is sometimes thought of as a perceptible interruption of the laws of nature. Others suggest that God may work with the laws of nature to perform what people perceive as miracles, all by the permission of God. According to Islamic texts, Jesus was neither killed nor crucified Crucifixion is an ancient method of painful execution in which the condemned person is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross and left to hang until dead. The term comes from the Latin crucifixio ("fixed to a cross", from the prefix cruci-, "cross", + verb figere, "fix or bind fast".), but rather he was raised alive up to heaven Jannah , or Jannat is the Islamic conception of paradise. The Arabic word Jannah is a shortened version meaning simply "Garden". According to Islamic eschatology, after death, one will reside in the grave until the appointed resurrection on Yawm al-Qiyāmah. Muslims believe that the treatment of the individual in the life of the grave.^[3] The Qur’an narrates that he will return to Earth near the day of judgment The Last Judgment, Final Judgment, Day of Judgment, Judgment Day, or Day of the Lord in Christian theology, is the final and eternal judgement by God of all nations. It will take place after the resurrection of the dead and the Second Coming of Christ . This belief has inspired numerous artistic depictions. There is little agreement among to restore justice and defeat al-Masīḥ ad-Dajjāl Masih ad-Dajjal is an evil figure in Islamic eschatology. He is to appear pretending to be Masih (i.e. the Messiah) at a time in the future, before Yawm al-Qiyamah (Judgment Day), directly comparable to the figures of the Antichrist and Armilus in Christian and Jewish eschatology, respectively (lit. "the false messiah", also known as the Antichrist The term or title antichrist, according to some Christians' interpretation of various biblical eschatological passages, refers to an "end time" leader who fulfills Biblical prophecies concerning an adversary of Christ, while resembling him in a deceptive manner. The antichrist will seemingly provide for the needs of the people but deny).^[4][5] Like all prophets in Islam Muslims identify the prophets of Islam as those humans chosen by Allah to teach mankind. Humans may rely on revelation or tradition to identify prophets.[citation needed], Jesus is considered to have been a Muslim A Muslim or Moslem is an adherent of the religion of Islam. Literally, the word means "one who submits (to God)". Muslim is the participle of the same verb of which Islam is the infinitive. All Muslims observe Sunnah, but differences in the definition of what is and what is not Sunnah has led to the emergence of sectarian movements.[, as he preached for people to adopt the straight path in submission to God's will. Islam rejects that Jesus was God incarnate Incarnation which literally means embodied in flesh or taking on flesh, refers to the conception and birth of a sentient creature who is the material manifestation of an entity, god or force whose original nature is immaterial or the son of God "Son of God" is a phrase which according to most Christian denominations refers to the relationship between Jesus and God, specifically as "God the Son", stating that he was a mortal man who, like other prophets, had been divinely chosen to spread God's message. Islamic texts forbid the association of partners with God (shirk Shirk is the Islamic concept of the sin of polytheism specifically, but in a more general way refers to worshipping other than Allah, associating partners with him, giving his characteristics to others beside him, or not believing in his characteristics. Within Islam, Major Shirk is an unforgivable sin. According to Islamic texts, anyone who), emphasizing the notion of God's divine oneness Tawhid is the concept of monotheism in Islam. It holds God (Arabic: Allah) is one (wāḥid) and unique (ahad) (tawhīd). Numerous titles are given to Jesus in the Qur'an, such as al-Masīḥ ("the messiah The word originally came from Hebrew messiaḥ, “anointed”. In Judaism, the expected king of the Davidic line who would deliver Israel from foreign bondage and restore the glories of its golden age. The Greek New Testament’s translation of the term, Christos, became the accepted Christian designation and title of Jesus of Nazareth,; the anointed one" i.e. by means of blessings), although it does not correspond with the meaning accrued in Christian belief. Jesus is seen in Islam as a precursor to Muhammad Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh (Arabic: ﷴ; Transliteration: Muḥammad; pronounced [mʊˈħæmmæd] ; also spelled Muhammed or Mohammed) (ca. 570/571 Mecca[مَكَةَ ]/[ مَكَهْ ] – June 8, 632), was the founder of the religion of Islam [ إِسْلامْ ] and is regarded by Muslims as a messenger and prophet of God (Arabic: الله‎, and is believed by Muslims to have foretold the latter's coming.^[5][6]

Life

Birth

The Qur'an The Qur’an is the central religious verbal text of Islam, also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Koran, Qur’ān, or Al-Qur’ān. Muslims believe the Qur’an to be the verbal book of divine guidance and direction for mankind. Its text addresses the Arabic speaking "children of Israel". Muslims also consider the original Arabic describes virginal conception The virgin birth of Jesus is a tenet of Christianity and Islam which holds that Mary miraculously conceived Jesus while remaining a virgin. While the term "virgin birth" is common, "virgin conception" would be more accurate. This doctrine was a universally held belief in the Christian church by the second century, and is upheld of Jesus by Mary (Arabic: Maryam), which is recounted throughout several passages in the Qur'an. According to the Qur'anic narrations, Mary had withdrawn into a temple and was visited by angel Gabriel In Abrahamic religions, Gabriel is an archangel who serves as a messenger from God. He first appears in the Old Testament Book of Daniel, delivering explanations of Daniel's visions. Based on two passages in the Gospel of Luke, Gabriel foretold the births of both John the Baptist and Jesus. Christians of the catholic traditions refer to him as (Arabic: Jibreel) to give the glad tidings of a holy son.^[7] The Qur'an states that God (Allah Allah (Arabic: الله‎ Allāh, IPA: [ʔalˤːɑːh] ) is the standard Arabic word for God. While the term is best known in the West for its use by Muslims as a reference to God, it is used by Arabs of all Abrahamic faiths, including Mizrahi Jews, Baha'is and Eastern Orthodox Christians, in reference to "God". The term was also used) sent the message through the angel Gabriel In Abrahamic religions, Gabriel is an archangel who serves as a messenger from God. He first appears in the Old Testament Book of Daniel, delivering explanations of Daniel's visions. Based on two passages in the Gospel of Luke, Gabriel foretold the births of both John the Baptist and Jesus. Christians of the catholic traditions refer to him as to Mary that God had honoured Mary among the women of all nations as she will give birth to a holy son, named Isa' (Jesus), the Messiah (translated Christ Christ is the English term for the Greek Χριστός meaning "the anointed one". It is a translation of the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ (Māšîaḥ), usually transliterated into English as Messiah) and he (Jesus) will be a great prophet, to whom God will give the Injil (the original Gospel) and he (Jesus) will speak in infancy and maturity and will be a companion to the most righteous. When this good news was given to Mary, she asked the angel how she can have a baby when no man has touched (sexually) her.^[8] This same question of Mary is confirmed in the Bible. But, in the answer of this question, the Qur'an differs from the Christian faith; the Christians believe that the Holy Spirit In Christianity, the Holy Spirit, or Holy Ghost, is the spirit or essence of God. In Trinitarian Christian belief, it is the third person of the Holy Trinity. Pneumatology is the theology of the Holy Spirit impregnated Mary, but the Qur'an denies it and states that the reply of the angel to Mary was "Even though when God wants to create a matter, he merely wills (Kun-fa-yakun) it and the things come into being"^[9]. So, the Qur'anic version is, Jesus was created from the act of God's will.^[10] The Qur'an compares this miraculous creation of Jesus with the creation of Adam where God created Adam by His act of will (kun-fa-yakun).^[11] According to the Qur'an, the same answer was given to the question of Zechariah (in Qur'an Zakariyah), when he asked how could his wife conceive a baby while she was old.^[12]

After delivering Jesus, Mary was overtaken by the pangs of childbirth, resting near the trunk of a palm tree. Jesus then addressed her from the cradle, to instruct her to shake the tree and obtain its fruits and also to allay Mary's fears of a scandal surrounding his conception. She then showed the new-born to her family, and in silencing immodest rumors he declared: "Lo, I am God's servant; God has given me the Book, and made me a Prophet. Blessed he has made me, wherever I may be; and He has enjoined me to pray, and to give alms, so long as I live and likewise to cherish my mother."^[5][13]

Other references in hadith Hadith are narrations concerning the words and deeds of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Hadith are regarded by traditional Islamic schools of jurisprudence as important tools for understanding the Qur'an and in matters of jurisprudence. Hadith were evaluated and gathered into large collections mostly during the reign of Umar ibn AbdulAziz during the are:

“When any human being is born. Satan touches him at both sides of the body with his two fingers, except Jesus, the son of Mary, whom Satan tried to touch but failed, for he touched the placenta-cover instead.”^{[Bukhari The Sahih of al-Bukhari , as it is commonly referred to as, is one of the Six major Hadith collections of Sunni Islam. These prophetic traditions, hadith were collected by the Muslim scholar Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari (810-870) and published during his lifetime. Most Sunni Muslims view this as their most trusted collection of hadith and it is 4:54:506]}

According to al-Tabari Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari was one of the earliest, most prominent and famous Persian historian and exegete of the Qur'an,who wrote exclusively in Arabic , most famous for his Tarikh al-Tabari (History of the Prophets and Kings) and Tafsir al-Tabari, this was due to the prayer of Mary's mother: "I seek refuge in you for her and her progeny from the accursed Satan."^[14]

Mission

According to Islamic texts, Jesus was divinely chosen to preach the message of monotheism Monotheism is the belief in theology that only one deity exists. The concept of "monotheism" tends to be dominated by the concept of God in the Abrahamic religions, such as Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Druze, the Platonic concept of God as put forward by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, as well as the Advaita, Dvaita and and submission to the will of God to the Children of Israel The Biblical Israelites were the descendants of the Biblical patriarch Jacob, who also bore the name Israel (banī isrā'īl). Muslims believe that God revealed Direct revelation is a term used by some Christian churches to express their belief in a communication from God to a person, by words, impression, visions, dreams or actual appearance. Direct revelation is believed to be an open communication between God and man, or the Holy Spirit and man, without any other exterior means. Direct revelation from to Jesus a new scripture, the Injīl The Injil (Arabic إنجيل is the Arabic name for the Christian gospel, and one of the four Islamic Holy Books the Qur'an records as revealed by God, the others being the Suhuf Ibrahim, Zabur, Tawrat and Qur'an (gospel), while also declaring the truth of the previous revelations – the Tawrat Tawrat is the Arabic word for the Torah. Most Muslims believe it is one of the Holy books given by God to prophet Moses. The Hebrew word for their scripture, the Torah (also known as the Five Books of Moses or the Pentateuch) means instructions, that is why Tawrat as per the Qur'an does not refer to the entire Tanakh or Old Testament. All prophets (Torah) and the Zabur Zabur is by Islam, the holy book of David, and according to Islam, one of the holy books revealed by God before the Qur'an (the others being the Tawrat (Torah) and the Injil (New Testament)) (Psalms). It is unclear or unknown whether Jesus declared the truth of the other holy book of Islam at that time, the Suhuf Ibrahim. Descended 600 years after Jesus' life on earth, the Qur'an speaks favorably of the Injīl, which it describes as a scripture that fills the hearts of its followers with meekness and pity. Some scholars such as Bart D. Ehrman Bart D. Ehrman is an American New Testament scholar, currently the James A. Gray Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill unintentionally support the assertion made in the Qur'an that the original Biblical message has been distorted or corrupted (tahrif Taḥrīf is an Arabic term used by Muslims with regard to irreparable alterations Islamic tradition supposes Jews and Christians to have made to Biblical manuscripts, specifically those that make up the Tawrat (or Torah), Zabur (or Psalms) and Injil (the New Testament)) over time since the New Testament Bible that exists today is not composed of the original writings and is highly unlikely to represent the original teachings of Jesus.^[16]

The Qur'an states that Jesus was aided by a group of disciples (hawāriyūn) who believed in Jesus' message, and termed themselves the ansār ("helpers") of God.^[17] Jesus is also depicted in Islam as having been given miracles as evidence of his prophetic mission. Such miracles, all performed by the leave of God, include: speaking while still in the cradle;^[18] breathing life into clay models of birds;^[19] curing a leper and a life-long blind man;^[20] raising the dead;^[20] and requesting the descent of a table from heaven upon which was a feast, upon petition of his disciples.^[5][21] Some^[which?] Muslim accounts also relate that the Islamic prophet Yahya ibn Zakariyya (known otherwise as John the Baptist John the Baptist was an itinerant preacher and a major religious figure who led a movement of baptism at the Jordan River. John was an historical figure who followed the example of previous Hebrew prophets, living austerely, challenging sinful rulers, calling for repentance, and promising God's justice. John is regarded as a prophet in) traveled to Palestine Palestine (Greek: Παλαιστίνη, Palaistinē; Latin: Palaestina; the Hebrew name Peleshet ; also פלשׂתינה, Palestina; Arabic: فلسطين‎Filasṭīn, Falasṭīn, Filisṭīn) is a conventional name used, among others, to describe a geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, and various adjoining lands and met Jesus at the Jordan river The Jordan River or River Jordan (British English) (Hebrew: נהר הירדן nehar hayarden, Arabic: نهر الأردن‎ nahr al-urdun) is a river in Southwest Asia flowing to the Dead Sea. In Judaism, the river serves as the eastern border of the "Eretz Yisra'el", the Land of Israel. In Christian tradition, Jesus was baptized here.^[15]

Ascension

Islamic texts categorically deny the crucifixion and death of Jesus at the hands of the Jews.^[5] The Qur'an states that the Jews sought to kill Jesus, but they did not kill or crucify him, although a likeness of it was shown to them. Tradionalists believe that Jesus was not crucified but instead, he was raised alive unto the heavens. This raising is understood by them to mean bodily ascension.

According to most Muslim traditions, Jesus was replaced by a double, one of the people that was about to crucify him; others suggest it was Simon of Cyrene, or one of the disciples such as Judas Iscariot. The crucifixion interpretation was rejected, and according to the Encyclopedia of Islam, there was unanimous agreement amongst the scholars in denying the crucifixion.^[22] Modern commentators such as M. Hayek interpret the verse to say that the crucifixion "seemed thus to them" [i.e. the Jews].^[5]

Second coming

Traditional Muslims believe that Jesus will return at a time close to the end of the world. The Qur'anic verse they allude to as an indicator to Jesus' future return is as follows:^[5]

According to Islamic tradition which describes this graphically, Jesus' descent will be in the midst of wars fought by the Mahdi (lit. "the rightly guided one"), known in Islamic eschatology as the redeemer of Islam, against the Antichrist (al-Masīkh ad-Dajjāl, "false messiah") and his followers.^[23] Jesus will descend at the point of a white arcade, east of Damascus, dressed in yellow robes – his head anointed. He will then join the Mahdi in his war against the Dajjal. Jesus, considered in Islam as a Muslim, will abide by the Islamic teachings. Eventually, Jesus will slay the Dajjal, and then everyone from the people of the book (ahl al-kitāb, referring to Jews and Christians) will believe in him. Thus, there will be one community, that of Islam.^[24]

Sahih Bukhari Volume 3, Book 43, Number 656: Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle said, "The Hour will not be established until the son of Mary (i.e. Jesus) descends amongst you as a just ruler, he will break the cross, kill the pigs, and abolish the Jizya tax. Money will be in abundance so that nobody will accept it (as charitable gifts).

After the death of the Mahdi, Jesus will assume leadership. This is a time associated in Islamic narrative with universal peace and justice. Islamic texts also allude to the appearance of Ya'juj and Ma'juj (known also as Gog and Magog), ancient tribes which will disperse and cause disturbance on earth. God, in response to Jesus' prayers, will kill them by sending a type of worm in the napes of their necks.^[23] Jesus' rule is said to be around forty years, after which he will die. Muslims will then perform the funeral prayer for him and then bury him in the city of Medina in a grave left vacant beside Muhammad, Abu Bakr, and Umar (companions of Muhammad and the first and second Muslim caliphs respectively).^[5]

In Islamic thought

Jesus is described by various means in the Qur'an. The most common reference to Jesus occurs in the form of "Ibn Maryam" (son of Mary), sometimes preceded with another title. Jesus is also recognised as a prophet (nabī) and messenger (rasūl) of God. The terms wadjih ("worthy of esteem in this world and the next"), mubārak ("blessed", or "a source of benefit for others"), `abd-Allāh (servant of God) are all used in the Qur'an in reference to Jesus.^[5]

Another title frequently mentioned is al-Masīḥ, which translates to "the Messiah". This does not correspond to the Christian concept of Messiah, as Islam regards all prophets, including Jesus, to be mortal and without any share in divinity. Muslim exegetes explain the use of the word masīh in the Qur'an as referring to Jesus' status as the one anointed by means of blessings and honors; or as the one who helped cure the sick, by anointing the eyes of the blind, for example.^[5] Qur'anic verses also employ the term "kalimat allah" (meaning the "word of God") as a descriptor of Jesus, which is interpreted as a reference to the creating word of God, uttered at the moment of Jesus' conception;^[25] or as recognition of Jesus' status as a messenger of God, speaking on God's behalf.^[5]

Theology

Islamic texts regard Jesus as a righteous messenger of God, and reject him as being God or the begotten Son of God. This belief, that Jesus is God or Son of God according to Islam, is tantamount to shirk, or the association of partners with God; and thereby a rejection of God's divine oneness (tawhid).^[26] A verse from the Qur'an reads:

The Christian doctrine of the Trinity is similarly rejected in Islam. Such notions of the divinity of Jesus, Muslims state, resulted from human interpolations of God's revelation. The Muslims give the evidence of this interpolations as they say even the Chrsitian scholars nowadays have discovered that the doctrine of trinity was an interpolation, so thus, the verse on trinity (I John, Chapter 5, Verse:7) in all modern versions of bible except KJV has been removed.^[28] Islam views Jesus as an ordinary human like all other prophets, who preached that salvation came through submission to God's will and worshiping God alone. Thus, Jesus is considered in Islam to have been a Muslim, as with all prophets in Islam.^[29]

Precursor to Muhammad

Muslims believe that Jesus was a precursor to Muhammad, and that he announced the latter's coming. They base this on a verse of the Qur'an wherein Jesus speaks of a messenger to appear after him named Ahmad.^[30] Islam associates Ahmad with Muhammad, both words deriving from the h-m-d triconsonantal root which refers to praiseworthiness. Muslims also assert that evidence of Jesus' pronouncement is present in the New Testament, citing the mention of the Paraclete whose coming is foretold in the Gospel of John.^[31] Muslim commentators claim that the original Greek word used was periklutos, meaning famed, illustrious, or praiseworthy – rendered in Arabic as Ahmad; and that this was substituted by Christians with parakletos.^[5][32]

Ascetic literature

Jesus is widely venerated in Muslim ascetic and mystic literature, such as in Muslim mystic Al-Ghazzali's Ihya `ulum ad-Din ("The revival of the religious sciences"). These works lay stress upon Jesus' poverty, his preoccupation with worship, his detachment from worldly life and his miracles. Such depictions also include advice and sermons which are attributed to him. Later Sufic commentaries adapted material from Christian gospels which were consistent with their ascetic portrayal. Sufi philosopher Ibn Arabi described Jesus as "the seal of universal holiness" due to the quality of his faith and "because he holds in his hands the keys of living breath and because he is at present in a state of deprivation and journeying."^[5]

Ahmadiyya views

Similar to mainstream Islamic views, the Ahmadiyya Movement consider Jesus was a mortal man, but go a step further to describe Jesus as a mortal man who died a natural death in India – as opposed to having been raised up alive to Heaven.

Although the view of Jesus having migrated to India had also been researched in the literature of independent historians predating the foundation of the movement^[33], the Ahmadiyya Movement are the only religious organization to adopt these views as a characteristic of their faith, although in independence to the early historians. The general notion of Jesus in India^[34] has also been discussed at length by modern western historians Grönbold^[35] and Klatt^[36] and publicized in several documentaries ^{[37] [38]}.

References to Jesus in the Qur'an

Meccan period

The widespread consensus is that the following verses were revealed in Mecca:^[4]

• Qur'an 19:16–40
• Qur'an 19:88–95
• Qur'an 43:57–65
• Qur'an 43:81–82
• Qur'an 23:50
• Qur'an 21:91–93
• Qur'an 42:13–14
• Qur'an 6:83–90

Medinan period

The list of verse belonging revealed in Medina are as follows:^[4]

• Qur'an 2:87
• Qur'an 2:135–141
• Qur'an 2:252–253
• Qur'an 3:42–64

• Qur'an 3:81–85
• Qur'an 33:7–8

• Qur'an 4:163–165

• Qur'an 5:17–18
• Qur'an 5:46–47

• Qur'an 9:30–31

• Qur'an 61:14

See also

• Disciples of Jesus in Islam
• Peace In Islamic Thought
• The Messiah (Iranian film)
• Sacrifice in Islam
• Islamic eschatology
• Historicity of Jesus
• Ebionites
• Infancy Gospel of Thomas
• Historical Jesus
• Mormonism and Islam
• Biblical narratives and the Qur'an
• Christianity and Islam
• Unitarianism

Notes

1. ^ The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, p.158
2. ^ "Jesus, Son of Mary" in Oxford Islamic Studies Online
3. ^ Neal Robinson, Crucifixion, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an
4. ^ ^{a b c} Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, Jesus
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} "Isa", Encyclopedia of Islam
6. ^ Fasching, deChant (2001) p. 241
7. ^ The Holy Qur'an, Chapter 3, verse 45
8. ^ Holy Qur'an, Chapter 3, Verse 43
9. ^ The Holy Qur'an, Chapter 3, verse 47.
10. ^ Deseart Strom: Has it Ended (1991), Ahmed Deedat, p-6
11. ^ The Holy Qur'an, Chapter 3, verse 59
12. ^ The Holy Qur'an, Chapter 19, verse 8–9
13. ^ Qur'an 19:30–31
14. ^ Mahmoud Ayoub (1992), p. 94
15. ^ ^{a b} "Yahya b. Zakariyya", Encyclopedia of Islam.
16. ^ See:
    • "Isa", Encyclopedia of Islam.
    • Fasching, deChant (2001) p. 241
    • Qur'an 5:45–49.
17. ^ See:
    • Qur'an 2:87, Qur'an 2:253, Qur'an 5:110, cf. Griffith, Sidney H. "Holy Spirit". Encyclopaedia of the Quran
    • Wherry, Sale (2000) p. 21
    • Qur'an 3:52. “When Jesus found Unbelief on their part He said: "Who will be My helpers to (the work of) Allah?" Said the disciples: "We are Allah's helpers: We believe in Allah, and do thou bear witness that we are Muslims.”, ibid.
18. ^ Qur'an 19:30
19. ^ Qur'an 3:43
20. ^ ^{a b} Qur'an 5:110
21. ^ Qur'an 5:111–114
22. ^ The Encyclopedia of Islam further elaborates: "The denial, furthermore, is in perfect agreement with the logic of the Qur’an. The Biblical Prophets alluded to in it (e.g., Job, Moses, Joseph etc.) and the episodes relating to the history of the beginning of Islam demonstrate that it is “God's practice” (sunnat Allah ) to make faith triumph finally over the forces of evil and adversity. “So truly with hardship comes ease”, (XCIV, 5, 6). For Jesus to die on the cross would have meant the triumph of his executioners; but the Quran asserts that they undoubtedly failed: “Assuredly God will defend those who believe”; (XXII, 49). He confounds the plots of the enemies of Christ (III, 54)." (cf. `Isa, Encyclopedia of Islam)
23. ^ ^{a b} Sonn (2004) p. 209
24. ^ Sahih Muslim, kitabul Fitan : http://www.iiu.edu.my/deed/hadith/muslim/041_smt.html#021_b41.
25. ^ Qur'an 3:47. “She said: "O my Lord! How shall I have a son when no man hath touched me?" He said: "Even so: Allah createth what He willeth: When He hath decreed a plan, He but saith to it, 'Be,' and it is!”, cf. Encyclopedia of Islam
26. ^ See:
    • Esposito (2002) p. 32, 74;
    • Fasching, deChant (2001) p. 241
    • Markham and Ruparell (2001) p. 348
27. ^ cf. Esposito (2002) p. 32
28. ^ Ahmed Deedat (1992) "Is the Bible God's Word" page no.16
29. ^ See:
    • Khalidi (2001) p. 75;
    • Fasching, deChant (2001) p. 241
30. ^ "And remember, Jesus, the son of Mary, said: “O Children of Israel! I am the apostle of Allah (sent) to you, confirming the Law (which came) before me, and giving Glad Tidings of a Messenger to come after me, whose name shall be Ahmad." But when he came to them with Clear Signs, they said, 'this is evident sorcery!'”^{[Qur'an 61:6]}
31. ^ Gospel of John: 14:16, 14:26, 16:7
32. ^ Watt (1991) pp. 33–34
33. ^ http://reluctant-messenger.com/issa.htm The Life of Saint Issa (Nicolas Notovitch
34. ^ Schäfer, Peter; Cohen, Mark R. (1998). Toward the Millennium: Messianic Expectations from the Bible to Waco. Leiden/Princeton: Brill/Princeton UP. p. 306. ISBN 90-04-11037-2. .
35. ^ Günter Grönbold, Jesus In Indien, München: Kösel 1985, ISBN 3466202701.
36. ^ Norbert Klatt, Lebte Jesus in Indien?, Göttingen: Wallstein 1988.
37. ^ Jesus In India The Movie
38. ^ Did Jesus Die?

References

• Anawati, G. C.. "`Īsā". in P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
• Ayoub, Mahmoud (1992). The Qur'an and Its Interpreters. State University of New York Press US. ISBN 0791409937.
• Esposito, J. L. (2002). What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-515713-3.
• Esposito, J. L. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-512558-4.
• Fasching, D. J.; deChant, D. (2001). Comparative Religious Ethics: A Narrative Approach. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631201254.
• Khalidi, T. (2001). The Muslim Jesus: Sayings and Stories in Islamic Literature. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674004779.
• Markham, I. S.; Ruparell, T. (2001). Encountering Religion: An Introduction to the Religions of the World. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631206744.
• Rippin, A.. "Yahya b. Zakariya". in P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
• Sonn, Tamarra (2004). A Brief History of Islam. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405121742.
• Watt, W. M. (1991). Muslim-Christian Encounters: Perceptions and Misperceptions. Routledge. ISBN 0415054109.
• Wherry, E. M.; Sale, G. (2000). A Comprehensive Commentary on the Qurán: Comprising Sale's Translation and Preliminary Discourse (vol. II). Routledge. ISBN 0415231884.
• Tarif Khalidi (2003). The Muslim Jesus: Sayings and Stories in Islamic Literature. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674011155.
• Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2006). "'Etymythological Othering' and the Power of 'Lexical Engineering' in Judaism, Islam and Christianity. A Socio-Philo(sopho)logical Perspective", Explorations in the Sociology of Language and Religion, edited by Tope Omoniyi and Joshua A. Fishman, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 237–258. ISBN 90 272 2710 1

External links

• Jesus: A Summary of the Points About Which Islam and Christianity Agree and Disagree Dr. Alan Godlas, University of Georgia.
• Jesus,Son of Mary – A Messenger of Allah
• The Truth About Jesus- by Maneh Al-Johani
• The Muslim Jesus (Google video) – This ITV documentary portrays Jesus as Muslims see him.
• The Virginal Conception of Jesus in the Qur'an
• UK Ahmadiyya site

Categories: Prophets in Islam | Perspectives on Jesus | Muslim views

See Also:

• Islamic View of Jesus' Death: Encyclopedia
• Jesus
• Jesus: Quotes
• Prophets of Islam
• Jesus and History

What Links Here:

Recently Viewed Pages:

• Home
• Elymas: Encyclopedia
• Society: Religion and Spirituality: Christianity: Jesus Christ: Directory
• Jerusalem: Encyclopedia
• Jesus: Dictionary
• Gospel of Thomas: Encyclopedia
• Son of God: Encyclopedia
• Islam: Encyclopedia
• Trinity: Encyclopedia
• Old Testament: Encyclopedia

Most Popular Pages:

• Home
• Death of Jesus: Blogs
• Vyasa: Blogs
• Virgin Birth of Jesus: Blogs
• Sadducees: Answers
• Advent: Images
• Visions of Jesus and Mary: Shopping
• 613 Mitzvot
• Paleolithic Religion: Encyclopedia
• Elymas: Encyclopedia

Related 'Islamic View of Jesus' Searches: